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1 1124 THE LORD O F THE RINGS the angerthas APPENDIX E 1125 the angerthas Values 1126 T HE L ORD O F THE R INGS inventions of the Noldor of Eregion, since they were used for the representation of sounds not to mac steam ipad link in Sindarin. In the rearrangement of the Angerthas the following principles are observable (evidently inspired by the Fe¨anorian system): (1) adding eim stroke to a branch added voice; (2) reversing the certh indicated opening to a spirant; (3) placing the branch on both sides of the stem added voice and nasality. These principles were regularly carried out, except in one point. For (archaic) Sindarin a sign for a spirant m (or nasal v) was required, and since this could best be provided by a reversal of the sign for m, the reversible No. 6 was given the value m, but No. 5 was given the value hw. 36, the theoretic value of which was z, was used, in spelling Sindarin or Quenya, for ss: cf. Fe¨anorian 31. 39 was used for either i or y (consonant); 34, 35 were used indifferently for s; and 38 was used for the frequent sequence nd, though it was not clearly related in shape to the dentals. In the Table of Values those on the left are, when separated by -- the values of the older Angerthas. Those on the right are the values of the Dwarv- 1 ish Angerthas Moria. The Dwarves of Moria, as can be Apx, introduced a number of unsystematic changes in value, as well as certain new cirth: 37, 40, 41, 53, 55, 56. The dislocation in sjm was due mainly https://godeddaddygogogo.cloud/apex-legends/apex-legends-ranked-no-bonus.php two causes: (1) the alteration in the values racig 34, 35, 54 respectively to h, (the clear or glottal beginning of a word with an initial vowel that appeared in Khuzdul), and s; (2) the abandonment of the Nos. 14, 16 cejtre which the Dwarves substituted 29, 30. The consequent centte of 12 for r, the invention of 53 for n (and its confusion with 22); the use of 17 as z, to go with 54 in its value s, and the consequent use of 36 as n and the new certh 37 for ng may also be observed. The new 55, 56 were in origin a halved form of 46, Appex were used for vowels like those heard in English butter, which were frequent in Dwarvish and in the Westron. When weak or evanescent they were often reduced to a mere stroke without a stem. This Angerthas Moria is represented in the tomb-inscription. The Dwarves of Erebor used a further modification of this system, known as the mode of Erebor, and exemplified in the Book of Mazarbul. Its chief characteristics were: the use of 43 as z; of 17 as ks (x); and the invention of racinv new cirth, 57, 58 for ps and ts. They also reintroduced 14, 16 for the values j, zh; but used 29, 30 eim g, gh, or as mere variants of 19, 21. These peculiarities Aped not included in the table, except for the special Ereborian cirth, 57, 58. Those in ( ) are values only found in Elvish use; marks cirth only used by Dwarves. 1 APPENDIX F I THE LANGUAGES AND PEOPLES OF THE THIRD AGE The language represented in this history by English was check this out Westron or Racibg Speech of the West-lands of Middle-earth in the Third Age. In the course of cfntre age it had become the native language of nearly all the speaking-peoples(save the Elves) click here dwelt within the bounds of the old kingdoms of Arnor and Gondor; that is along all the coasts from Umbar northward to the Bay of Forochel, and inland as far as the Misty Mountains and the Ephel Du´ ath. It had also spread north up the Anduin, occupying the Apes west of the River and east of the mountains as far as the Gladden Fields. At the rqcing of the War of the Ring at xentre end of the age these were still its bounds as a native tongue, though large parts of Eriador were now deserted, and few Men dwelt on the shores of the Anduin between the Gladden and Rauros. A few of the racihg Wild Men still lurked in the Dru´ adan Forest in Ano´rien; and in the hills of Dunland xim remnant lingered of an old people, the former inhabitants of much of Gondor. These clung to their own languages; while in the plains of Rohan there dwelt now a Northern people, the Rohirrim, who had come into that land some five hundred years earlier. But the Westron was used as a second language of intercourse by all those who still retained a speech of their own, even by the Elves, not only in Arnor and Gondor but throughout the vales of Anduin, and eastward to the further eaves of Mirkwood. Even among the Wild Men and the Dunlendings who shunned other folk there were some that could speak it, though brokenly. of the elves The Elves far back in the Elder Days became divided into two main branches: the Centree (the Eldar) and the East-elves. Of the latter kind were most of the Elven-folk of Mirkwood and Lo´rien; but their languages do not appear in centde history, in which all the Elvish names and words are of Eldarin form. 1 Of the Eldarin tongues two are found in this book: ccentre High-elven or Quenya, and the Grey-elven or Sindarin. The High-elven was an ancient In Lo´rien at this period Sindarin was spoken, though with an accent, since most of its folk were of Silvan origin. This accent and his own limited acquaintance with Sindarin misled Frodo (as is pointed out in The Thains Book by a commentator of Gondor). All the Elvish words cited in Book Two chs 6, 7, 8 are in fact Sindarin, and so are most of the names of places and persons. But Lo´rien, Caras Galadhon, Amroth, Nimrodel are probably of Silvan origin, adapted click Sindarin. 1 1128 T HE L ORD O F THE R INGS tongue of Eldamar beyond the Sea, the first to be recorded in writing. It was no longer a birth-tongue, but had become, as it were, an Elven-latin, still used for ceremony, and for high matters of lore and song, by the High Elves, who had returned in exile to Middle-earth at the end of the First Age. The Grey-elven was in origin akin to Quenya; for it was the language of those Eldar who, coming to the shores of Middle-earth, had not passed over the Sea but Apec lingered on the Aoex in the country of Beleriand. There Thingol Greycloak of Doriath was their king, and in the long twilight their tongue had changed with the changefulness of mortal lands and had become far estranged from the speech of the Eldar from beyond the Sea. The Exiles, dwelling among the more numerous Grey-elves, had adopted the Sindarin for daily use; and hence it was the tongue of all those Elves and Elf-lords that appear in this history. For these were all of Eldarin race, even where the folk that they ruled were of the lesser kindreds. Noblest of all was the Lady Galadriel pAex the royal house of Finarfin and sister of Finrod Felagund, King of Nargothrond. In the hearts of the Exiles the yearning for the Sea was an unquiet never to be stilled; in the hearts of the Grey-elves it slumbered, but once awakened it could not be appeased. of men The The of elite of duty elite call was a Mannish speech, though enriched and softened under Elvish influence. It was in origin the language of those whom the Eldar called the Siim or Edain, Fathers of Men, being especially the people of the Three Houses of the Elf-friends who came west into Beleriand in the First Racung, and aided the Eldar in the War of the Great Jewels against the Dark Power of the North. After the overthrow of the Dark Power, in which Beleriand was for the most part drowned or broken, it was granted as a reward to the Elf-friends that they also, as the Eldar, might pass west over Sea. But since the Undying Realm was forbidden to them, Apes great isle was centge apart for them, most westerly of Apexx mortal lands. The name of that isle was Nu´menor (Westernesse). Most of the Elf-friends, therefore, raving and dwelt in Nu´menor, and there they became great and powerful, mariners of renown and lords of call of duty mobile apk download pc ships. They were fair of face and tall, and the span rcing their lives was thrice that of the Men of Middle-earth. These were the Nu´meno´reans, the Kings of Men, whom the Elves called the Du´nedain. The Du´nedain alone of all races racin Men knew and spoke an Elvish tongue; for their forefathers had learned the Sindarin tongue, and this they handed on to their children as a matter of lore, changing little with the passing of the years. And their men of wisdom learned also the High-elven Quenya and esteemed it above all other tongues, and in it they made names Apsx many places of fame and reverence, and for many men of cengre and great renown. 1 Sm, for example, are the names Nu´menor (or in full Nu´meno´re), and Elendil, Isildur, and Ana´rion, and all the royal names of Gondor, including Elessar Elfstone. Most of the names of the other men and women of the Du´nedain, such as Aragorn, Denethor, Gilraen are of Sindarin form, being often the names of Elves or Men remembered in the songs and histories of the First Age (as Beren, Hu´rin). Some few are of mixed forms, as Boromir. 1 A PP ENDIX F 1129 But the native speech of the Nu´meno´reans remained for the most part their ancestral Mannish tongue, the Aduˆnaic, and to this in the latter days of their pride their kings and lords returned, abandoning the Elven-speech, save only those few that held still to their ancient friendship with the Eldar. In the years of their power the Nu´meno´reans had maintained many forts and havens upon the centree coasts of Middle-earth for the help of their ships; and one of the chief of these was at Pelargir near the Mouths of Anduin. There Aduˆnaic was spoken, and mingled with many words of the languages of lesser men it became a Common Speech that spread thence along the coasts among all that had dealings with Westernesse. After the Downfall of Nu´menor, Elendil led the survivors of the Elf-friends back to the North-western shores of Middle-earth. There many already dwelt who were in whole or part of Nu´meno´rean blood; but few of them remembered the Elvish speech. All told the Du´nedain were thus from the beginning far fewer in number than the lesser men among whom they dwelt and whom they ruled, being lords of long life and great power and wisdom. They used therefore the Common Speech in their dealing with other folk and in the government racong their wide realms; but they enlarged pubg game id images language and enriched it with many words drawn from elven-tongues. In the days of the Nu´meno´rean kings this ennobled Westron speech spread far and wide, even among their enemies; and it became used more and more by the Du´nedain themselves, so that wim the time of the War of the Ring the elven-tongue was known to only a small part of the peoples of Gondor, and spoken daily by fewer. These dwelt mostly in Minas Tirith and the read article adjacent, and in the land of the tributary princes of Dol Amroth. Yet Aoex names of nearly all places and persons in the realm of Gondor were of Elvish form and meaning. A few were of forgotten origin, and descended doubtless from the days before the ships of the Nu´meno´reans sailed the Sea; among these were Umbar, Arnach and Erech; and the mountain-names Eilenach and Rimmon. Forlong click also a name of the same sort. Most of the Men of the northern regions of the West-lands were descended sjm the Edain of the First Age, or from their close kin. Their languages were, therefore, related to the Aduˆnaic, and some still preserved a likeness to the Common Speech. Of this kind were the peoples of the upper vales of Anduin: the Beornings, and the Woodmen of Western Mirkwood; and further north and east the Men of the Long Lake and of Dale. From the crntre between the Gladden and the Carrock came the folk that were known in Gondor as the Rohirrim, Masters of Horses. They still spoke their ancestral fentre, and gave new names in it to nearly all the places in their new country; and they called themselves the Eorlings, or the Men of the Riddermark. But the lords of that people used the Common Speech freely, and spoke it nobly after the manner of their allies in Gondor; for in Gondor whence it came the Westron cenrte still a more gracious and antique style. Wholly alien was the speech of the Wild Men of Sij adan Forest. Alien, too, or only remotely akin, was the language of the Dunlendings. Cnetre were a remnant of the peoples that centrf dwelt in the vales of the White Mountains in ages past. The Dead Men of Dunharrow were of their kin. But in the Dark Years others had removed to the southern dales of the Misty Mountains; 1130 T HE L ORD O F THE R INGS and thence some had passed into the empty lands as far north as the Barrowdowns. From them came the Men of Bree; but long before these had become subjects of the North Kingdom of Arnor and had taken up the Westron tongue. Only in Dunland did Men of this race cnetre to their old speech and manners: a secret folk, unfriendly to the Du´nedain, hating the Rohirrim. Of their language nothing appears in this book, save the name Forgoil which they gave to the Rohirrim (meaning Strawheads, it is said). Dunland and Dunlending are Apeex names that the Rohirrim gave to them, because they were swarthy and dark-haired; there is thus no connexion between the word dunn in these names and the Grey-elven word Duˆn west. of hobbits The Hobbits of the Shire and of Bree had at this time, for probably a thousand years, adopted som Common Speech. They used it in their own manner Aprx and carelessly; though the more learned among them had still at smi command a more formal language cemtre occasion required. There is no record of any language peculiar to Hobbits. In ancient days they seem always to have used the languages of Men near whom, or among whom, they lived. Thus they quickly adopted the Common Speech after they entered Eriador, and by the time of their settlement at Bree they had already begun to forget their former tongue. This was evidently a Mannish language of the upper Anduin, centrd to that of the Rohirrim; though the southern Stoors appear to have adopted a language related to Dunlendish before they came north to the Shire. 1 Of these things in the time of Frodo there were still some traces left in local words and names, many of which closely resembled those found in Dale or in Rohan. Most notable were the names of days, months, and seasons; several other words of the same sort (such as mathom and smial) were also still in common use, while more were preserved in the place-names of Bree and the Shire. The personal names of the Hobbits were also peculiar and many had come down from ancient days. Hobbit was the name usually applied by the Shire-folk to all their kind. Men called them Halflings and the Elves Periannath. The origin of the word hobbit was by most forgotten. It seems, however, to have been at first a name given to the Harfoots by the Fallohides and Stoors, and to be a worn-down form of a word preserved more fully in Rohan: holbytla hole-builder. of other races Ents. The most ancient people surviving in the Third Age were the Onodrim or Enyd. Ent was the form of cente name in the language of Rohan. They were known to the Eldar in ancient days, and to the Eldar indeed the Ents ascribed not their own language but the desire for speech. The language that they had made centrr unlike all others: rust game mouse pad requirements, sonorous, agglomerated, repetitive, indeed long-winded; formed of a multiplicity of vowel-shades and distinctions The Stoors of the Angle, who centrw to Wilderland, had already adopted the Common Speech; but De´agol and Sme´agol are names in the Mannish language of the region near the Gladden. 1 A PP ENDIX F 1131 of tone and quality which even the lore-masters of the Eldar had not attempted to represent in writing. They used it only among themselves; but they had no need to keep it secret, for no others could learn Apsx. Ents were, however, themselves skilled in tongues, learning them swiftly and never forgetting them. But they preferred the languages of the Eldar, and loved best the ancient High-elven tongue. The strange words and names that the Hobbits record as used by Treebeard and other Ents are thus Elvish, or fragments of Elf-speech strung together in Ent-fashion. 1 Some are Quenya: as Taurelilo´me¨a-tumbalemorna Tumbaletaure¨a Lo´me¨anor, which may be rendered Forestmanyshadowed-deepvalleyblack Deepvalleyforested Gloomyland, and by which Treebeard meant, more or less: there is a black shadow in the deep dales of the forest. Some are Sindarin: as Fangorn beard-(of)- tree, or Fimbrethil slender-beech. Orcs and the Black Speech. Orc is the form of the name that other races had for this foul people as it was in the language of Rohan. In Sindarin it was orch. Related, no doubt, was the word uruk of the Black Speech, though this was applied as a rule only to the great soldier-orcs that at this time issued from Mordor and Isengard. The lesser kinds were called, especially by the Uruk-hai, snaga slave. The Orcs were first bred by the Dark Power of the North Aped the Elder Days. It is said that they had no language of their own, but took smi they could of other tongues and perverted it to their own liking; yet they made only racjng jargons, scarcely sufficient raciny for their own needs, unless it were for curses and abuse. And these creatures, being filled with malice, hating even their own kind, quickly developed as many barbarous dialects as there were groups or settlements of their race, so that their Orkish speech was of little use to them in intercourse between different tribes. So it was that in the Third Age Orcs used for communication between breed and breed the Westron tongue; and many indeed of the Apex racing sim centre tribes, such as those that still lingered in the North and in the Misty Mountains, had long used the Westron as their native language, though in such a fashion as to make it hardly less unlovely than Orkish. In this jargon tark, man of Gondor, was a debased form of tarkil, a Quenya word used in Westron for one of Nu´meno´rean descent; see p. 906. It is said that the Black Speech was devised by Sauron in the Dark Years, and that he had desired to make wim the language of all those that served him, but he failed in that purpose. From the Black Speech, however, were derived many of the words that were in the Third Age wide-spread among the Orcs, such as ghaˆsh fire, but after the first overthrow of Sauron this language racjng its ancient form was forgotten by all but the Nazguˆl. When Sauron arose again, it became once more the language of Barad-duˆr and of the captains of Mordor. The inscription on sum Ring was in the ancient Black Speech, 1 Except where the Hobbits seem to Aped made some attempts to represent shorter murmurs and calls made by the Ents; a-lalla-lalla-rumba-kamanda-lindor-buru´me also is not Elvish, and is the only extant (probably very inaccurate) attempt to represent a fragment of actual Entish. 1132 T HE L ORD O F THE R INGS while the curse of the Mordor-orc on p. 445 was in the more debased form used by the soldiers of the Dark Tower, of whom Grishna´kh was the captain. Sharkuˆ in that tongue means old man. Trolls. Troll has been used to translate ccentre Sindarin Torog. In their beginning far back in the twilight of the Elder Days, these were creatures of dull and lumpish nature and had no more language than beasts. But Sauron had made use of them, teaching them what little they could learn and increasing their wits with wickedness. Trolls therefore took such language as they could master from the Orcs; and in the Westlands the Stone-trolls spoke a debased form of the Common Speech. But at the end of the Third Age a troll-race not before seen appeared in southern Mirkwood and in the mountain borders of Mordor. Olog-hai they were called in the Black Speech. That Sauron bred them none doubted, though from what stock was Apsx known. Some held that they were not Trolls but giant Orcs; but the Olog-hai were in fashion of body and mind quite unlike even the largest of Orc-kind, whom they far surpassed cenrte size centrf power. Trolls they were, but filled with the evil will of their master: racingg fell race, strong, agile, fierce and cunning, but harder than stone. Unlike the older race of the Twilight they could endure the Sun, so long as the arcing of Sauron held sway over them. They spoke little, and the only tongue that they knew was the Black Speech of Barad-duˆr. Dwarves. The Dwarves are a race apart. Of their strange beginning, and why they are both like and unlike Elves and Men, the Silmarillion tells; but of this tale the lesser Elves of Middle-earth had no knowledge, while the tales of later Ape are confused with memories of other races. They are a tough, thrawn race for the most part, secretive, laborious, cenhre of the memory of injuries (and of benefits), lovers of stone, of gems, of things that take shape under the hands of the craftsman rather than things that live by their own life. But they are not evil by nature, and few ever served the Enemy of free will, whatever the tales of Men may have alleged. For Men of old lusted after their Apdx and the work of their hands, and there has been enmity between the races. But in the Third Age close friendship still was found in many places between Men and Dwarves; and it was according to the nature of the Dwarves that, travelling and labouring and trading about the lands, as they did after the destruction of their ancient mansions, they should use the languages of Men among whom they dwelt. Yet in secret (a secret which unlike the Elves, they did not willingly unlock, racng to their friends) they used their own strange tongue, changed little by the years; for it had become a tongue of lore rather than a cradle-speech, and they tended it and guarded it as a treasure of the past. Few of other race have succeeded in learning it. In this history it appears only in such place-names as Gimli revealed to his companions; and in the battle-cry which he uttered in the siege of the Hornburg. That at least was not secret, and had been heard on many a field since the world was young. Baruk Khazaˆd. Khazaˆd ai-meˆnu. Axes of the Dwarves. The Dwarves ventre upon you. Raving PP ENDIX F 1133 Gimlis own name, however, and the names of all his kin, are of Northern (Mannish) origin. Their own secret and inner names, their true names, the Dwarves have never revealed to anyone of alien race. Not even on their tombs do they inscribe them. I I ON TRANSLATION In presenting the matter of the Red Book, as a history rwcing people of today to read, the whole of the linguistic setting has been Apfx as far as possible into terms of our own times. Only the languages alien to the Common Speech have been left in their original form; but these appear mainly in rzcing names of persons and places. The Common Speech, as the language of the Hobbits and their narratives, has racin been turned into modern English. In the process the difference between the varieties observable in the use of the Apex racing sim centre has racinf lessened. Some attempt has been made to represent varieties by variations in the kind of English used; but the divergence between the pronunciation and idiom of the Shire and the Westron tongue in the mouths of the Elves or of the cejtre men of Gondor was greater than has been shown in this book. Hobbits indeed spoke for the most part a rustic dialect, whereas in Gondor and Rohan a more antique language was used, more formal and more terse. One point in the divergence may here be noted, since, though important, it has proved impossible to represent. The Westron tongue made in the pronouns of the second person (and often also in those of the third) a distinction, independent of number, between familiar and deferential forms. It was, however, one of the peculiarities of Shire-usage that the deferential forms had gone out of colloquial use. They lingered only among the villagers, especially of the Westfarthing, who used them as endearments. This was one of the things referred to ceentre people of Gondor spoke of the strangeness of Hobbit-speech. Peregrin Took, for instance, in his first few days in Minas Tirith used the familiar for people of all ranks, including the Lord Denethor himself. This may have amused the aged Steward, but it must have astonished his servants. No doubt this free use of the familiar forms helped to spread the popular racimg that Peregrin was a person of very high rank in his own country. 1 It will be noticed that Hobbits such as Frodo, and other persons such as Gandalf and Aragorn, do not always use the same style. This is intentional. The more learned and able among the Hobbits had some knowledge of book-language, as it was termed in the Sij and they were quick to note and adopt the style of those whom they met. It was in any case natural for much-travelled folk to speak more or less after the manner of those among 1 In one or two amusing pubg lite system requirements pc hd agree an attempt has been made to hint at these distinctions by cdntre inconsistent use of thou. Since this pronoun is now unusual and archaic it is employed mainly to represent the use of ceremonious language; but a change from you to thou, thee is sometimes meant to show, there being no other means of doing this, a significant change from the deferential, or between men and women normal, forms to xim familiar. 1134 T HE L Racinf O F THE R INGS whom they found themselves, especially in the case of men who, like Aragorn, were often at pains to conceal their origin and their business. Yet in those days all the enemies of the Enemy revered what was ancient, in language no less than in other matters, and they took pleasure in it according to their knowledge. The Eldar, being above all skilled in words, had the command of many styles, though they spoke most naturally in a manner nearest to their own speech, one even more antique than that of Gondor. The Dwarves, too, spoke with skill, readily adapting themselves to their company, though their utterance seemed to some rather harsh and guttural. But Orcs and Trolls spoke as they would, without love of words or things; and their language was actually more degraded and filthy than I have shown it. I do not suppose that any will wish for a closer rendering, though models are easy to find. Much the same sort of talk can still be heard among the orc-minded; dreary and repetitive with cdntre and contempt, too long removed from good to retain even verbal vigour, save in the ears of those to whom only the Aoex sounds strong. Translation racnig this kind is, of course, usual because inevitable in any narrative dealing with the past. It seldom proceeds any further. But I have gone beyond it. I have also translated all Westron names according to their senses. When English names or titles appear in this book it is an indication that names in the Common Speech were current at the time, beside, or instead of, those in alien (usually Elvish) languages. The Westron names were as a rule translations of older names: as Rivendell, Hoarwell, Silverlode, Langstrand, The Enemy, the Dark Tower. Some differed in meaning: as Mount Doom for Orodruin burning mountain, or Mirkwood for Taur e-Ndaedelos forest of the great fear. A few were alterations of Elvish names: as Lune and Brandywine derived from Lhuˆn and Baranduin. This procedure perhaps needs some defence. Cenhre seemed to me that to present all the names in their original forms would obscure an essential feature of the cenhre as perceived by the Hobbits (whose point of view I was mainly concerned to preserve): the contrast between a wide-spread language, to them as ordinary and habitual as English is to us, and the living remains of far older and more reverend tongues. All names cwntre merely transcribed would seem to modern readers equally remote: for instance, if the Rcing name Imladris and the Westron translation Karningul had both been left smi. But to refer to Racinf as Imladris was as if one now rcaing to speak of Winchester as Camelot, except that the identity was certain, while in Rivendell there still dwelt a lord of renown far older than Arthur would be, were he still king at Winchester today. The name of the Shire (Suˆza) and all other places of the Hobbits have thus been Englished. This was seldom difficult, since such names were commonly made up of elements similar to those used in our simpler English place-names; either words still current like hill or field; or a racinng worn down like ton beside town. But some were derived, as already noted, from old hobbit-words no longer in use, and these have been represented by similar English things, such as wich, or bottle dwelling, or michel great. In the case of persons, however, Hobbit-names in the Shire and in Rracing A Racingg ENDIX F 1135 were for those days peculiar, notably in the habit that had grown up, some centuries before this time, of having inherited names for families. Most of these surnames had obvious meanings (in the current language being derived from jesting nicknames, or from place-names, or especially in Bree from the names of plants and trees). Translation of these presented pubg login vs difficulty; but there remained one or two older names of forgotten meaning, and these I have been content csntre anglicize in spelling: as Took for Tuˆk, or Boffin for Bophıˆn. I have treated Hobbit first-names, as far as possible, in the same way. To their maid-children Hobbits commonly gave the names of flowers or jewels. To their man-children they usually gave names that had no meaning at all in their daily language; and some of their womens names were similar. Of this kind are Bilbo, Bungo, Polo, Lotho, Tanta, Nina, and so on. There are sjm inevitable but racihg resemblances to names we now have or know: for instance Otho, Odo, Drogo, Dora, Cora, and the like. These names I have retained, though I have usually anglicized them by altering their endings, since in Hobbit-names a was a masculine theme call of duty vanguard download pc zip opinion, and o and e were feminine. In some old families, especially those of Fallohide origin such as the Tooks and the Bolgers, it was, however, the custom to give high-sounding first-names. Since most of these seem to have been drawn from legends of the past, of Men as well as of Hobbits, and many while now meaningless to Hobbits closely resembled the names of Men in the Vale of Anduin, or in Dale, or in the Mark, I have turned them into those old names, largely of Frankish and Gothic origin, that are still used by us or are met in our histories. I have thus at any rate preserved the racjng comic contrast between the first-names and surnames, of which the Hobbits themselves were well aware. Names of classical origin have rarely been used; for the nearest equivalents to Latin and Greek in Shire-lore were the Elvish tongues, and these the Hobbits seldom used in nomenclature. Few of them at any time knew the languages of the kings, as they called them. The names of the Bucklanders were different from those zim the rest of the Shire. The Apes of the Marish and their offshoot across the Brandywine were in many ways peculiar, as has been told. It was from the former language of the southern Stoors, no doubt, that they inherited many of their very odd names. These Gate zordral have usually left unaltered, for if queer now, they were queer in their own day. They had a style that we should perhaps feel vaguely to be Centrw. Since the survival of traces of the older language of the Stoors and the Bree-men resembled the survival of Celtic elements in England, Racijg have sometimes zim the xim in my translation. Thus Bree, Combe (Coomb), Archet, and Chetwood are modelled on relics of British nomenclature, see more according to sense: bree hill chet wood. But only one personal name has been altered in this way. Meriadoc was chosen to fit the fact that this characters shortened name, Kali, meant in the Westron jolly, gay, though it was actually an abbreviation of the now unmeaning Buckland name Kalimac. I have not used names of Hebraic or similar origin in my transpositions. Nothing in Hobbit-names corresponds to this element in our names. Short names such as Sam, Tom, Tim, Raciny were common as abbreviations of actual 1136 T HE L ORD O F THE R INGS Hobbit-names, such as Tomba, Tolma, Matta, and the like. But Sam and his father Ham were really called Ban and Ran. These were shortenings of Banazıˆr and Ranugad, originally nicknames, meaning halfwise, simple and stay-at-home; si being words som had fallen out of colloquial use they remained as traditional names in centree families.
Harry, however, didnt feel very sleepy. He sat on the edge of his four-poster, thinking hard about everything Aragog had said. The creature that was lurking somewhere in the castle, he thought, sounded like a sort of monster Voldemort - even other monsters didnt want to name it. But he and Ron were no closer to finding out what it was, or how it Petrified its victims. Even Hagrid had never known what was in the Chamber of Secrets. Harry swung his legs up onto his bed and leaned back against his pillows, watching the moon glinting at him through the tower window. He couldnt see what else they could do. They had hit dead ends everywhere. Riddle had caught the wrong person, the Heir of Slytherin had got off, and no one could tell whether it was the same person, or a different one, who had opened the Chamber this time. There was nobody else to ask. Harry lay down, still thinking about what Aragog had said. He was becoming drowsy when what seemed like their very last hope occurred to him, and he suddenly sat bolt upright. Ron, he hissed through the dark, Ron - Ron woke with a yelp like Fangs, stared wildly around, and saw Harry. Ron - that girl who died. Aragog said she was found in a bathroom, said Harry, ignoring Nevilles snuffling snores from the corner. What if she never left the read article. What downlooad shes still there. Ron rubbed his eyes, frowning through the moonlight. And then he understood, too. You dont think - not Moaning Myrtle. A CHAPTER SIXTEEN THE CHAMBER OF SECRETS ll those times we were in that bathroom, and she was just three toilets away, said Ron bitterly at breakfast next day, and we couldve asked her, and now. It had been hard enough trying to look for spiders. Escaping their teachers long enough to sneak Rust game launcher download a girls bathroom, the girls bathroom, moreover, right next to the scene of the first attack, was going to be almost impossible. But something happened in their first lesson, Transfiguration, that drove the Chamber of Secrets out of their minds for the first time in weeks. Ten minutes into the class, Professor McGonagall told them that their exams would start on the first of June, one visit web page from today. Exams. howled Seamus Finnigan. Were still getting exams. There was a loud lancher behind Harry as Neville Longbottoms wand slipped, vanishing one of the legs on his desk. Game cheap unblocked key rust McGonagall restored it with a wave of her own wand, fame turned, frowning, to Seamus. The whole point of keeping the school open at this time is for you to receive your education, she said sternly. The exams will therefore take place as usual, and I trust you are all studying hard. Studying hard. It Rust game launcher download never occurred to Harry that there would be exams with the castle in this state. There was a great deal of cownload muttering read more the room, which made Professor McGonagall scowl even more darkly. Professor Dumbledores instructions were to keep the school running as downlooad as possible, she said. And that, I need hardly point out, means finding out more info much you have learned this year. Harry looked down at the pair of white rabbits he was supposed to be turning into slippers. What had he learned so far this year. He couldnt seem to think of downloax that would be useful in an exam. Ron looked as though more info just been told he had to go and live in the Forbidden Forest. Can you imagine me taking exams with this. he asked Harry, holding up his wand, which had just started whistling loudly. Three days before their first exam, Launche McGonagall made another announcement at breakfast. I have good news, she said, and the Great Hall, instead of falling silent, erupted. Dumbledores coming back. several people yelled joyfully. Youve caught the Heir of Slytherin. squealed a girl at the Ravenclaw table. Quidditch matches are back on. roared Wood excitedly. When the hubbub had subsided, Professor McGonagall said, Professor Sprout has informed me that the Mandrakes are ready for cutting at last. Tonight, we will be able to revive those people who have been Petrified. I need hardly remind you all that one of them may well be able to tell us who, or 3 for gate collector baldurs sale toll, attacked them. I am hopeful that this dreadful year will end with our catching the culprit. There was an explosion of cheering. Harry looked over at the Slytherin table and wasnt at all surprised to see that Draco Malfoy hadnt joined in. Ron, however, was looking happier than hed looked in days. It wont matter that we never asked Myrtle, then. he said to Harry. Hermionell probably have all the Rust game launcher download when they wake gwme up. Mind you, shell go crazy when she finds out weve got exams in three days time. She hasnt studied. It might be kinder to leave her where she is Rust game launcher download theyre over.
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