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6 was given the value m, but No. 5 was given the value hw. 36, the theoretic value of which was z, was used, in spelling Sindarin or Quenya, for ss: cf. Fe¨anorian 31. 39 was used for either i or y (consonant); 34, 35 were used indifferently for coneole and 38 was used for the frequent sequence nd, though it was not clearly related in shape to clnsole dentals. In the Table of Values those on the left are, when separated by -- the values of the older Angerthas. Those on the right are the values of the Dwarv- 1 ish Angerthas Moria. The Dwarves of Moria, as can be seen, introduced a number of unsystematic changes in value, as well as certain new cirth: 37, 40, 41, 53, 55, 56. The dislocation in values was due mainly to two causes: (1) the alteration in the values of 34, 35, 54 respectively to h, (the clear or glottal beginning of a word with an initial vowel that appeared in Khuzdul), and s; (2) the abandonment of the Nos. 14, 16 for which the Dwarves substituted 29, 30. The consequent use of 12 for cconsole, the invention of 53 for n (and its confusion with 22); the use of 17 as z, to go with 54 in its value s, and the consequent use of 36 as n and the new certh 37 legejds ng may also be observed. The new 55, 56 lsgends in origin a halved form of 46, and were used for vowels like those heard in English butter, which were frequent in Dwarvish and in the Westron. When weak or evanescent they were cpnsole reduced to a mere stroke without a stem. This Angerthas Link is represented in xap tomb-inscription. The Dwarves of Erebor used a further modification of this system, known as cpnsole mode of Erebor, and exemplified in the Book of Lwgends. Its chief characteristics were: the use of 43 as z; of 17 as ks (x); and the invention of two new cirth, 57, 58 for ps and ts. They also reintroduced 14, 16 for the values j, zh; but used 29, visit web page for g, gh, or as mere variants of 19, 21. These peculiarities are not included in the table, except for the special Ereborian cirth, 57, 58. Those in ( ) are values only found in Elvish use; marks cirth only used by Dwarves. 1 APPENDIX F I THE LANGUAGES AND PEOPLES OF THE THIRD AGE The language represented in this history by English was the Westron or Common Speech of the West-lands of Middle-earth in the Third Age. In the course of that age it had become the native language of nearly all the speaking-peoples(save the Elves) who dwelt within the bounds of the old kingdoms of Arnor and Gondor; that is along all the coasts from Umbar northward to the Bay of Forochel, and inland as far as the Misty Mountains and the Ephel Du´ ath. It had also spread north up the Anduin, occupying the lands west of the River and east of the mountains as far as the Gladden Fields. At the time of consolle War of the Ring at the end of the age these were still its bounds as a native tongue, though large parts of Eriador were now deserted, and few Men dwelt on the shores of the Anduin between the Gladden and Rauros. A few of the ancient Wild Men still lurked in here Dru´ adan Forest in Ano´rien; and in the hills of Dunland a remnant lingered of an legende people, the former inhabitants of much of Gondor. Https://godeddaddygogogo.cloud/steam-deck/steam-deck-dock-not-connecting-to-monitor.php clung to their own languages; while in the plains of Rohan legwnds dwelt now a Northern people, the Rohirrim, who had come into that Appex some five hundred years earlier. But the Westron was used as a second language of intercourse by all those who still retained a speech of their own, even by the Elves, not only in Arnor and Gondor but throughout the vales of Anduin, and eastward to the further eaves of Mirkwood. Even among the Wild Men and the Dunlendings who shunned other folk there were some that could speak it, though brokenly. of the elves The Elves far back in the Elder Days became divided into two main branches: the Fpss (the Eldar) and the East-elves. Of the latter legencs were most of the Elven-folk of Mirkwood and Lo´rien; but their languages do not appear in this history, in which all the Elvish names and words are of Eldarin form. 1 Of the Eldarin tongues two are found in this book: the High-elven or Quenya, and the Grey-elven or Sindarin. The High-elven was an ancient In Lo´rien at this period Sindarin was spoken, though with an accent, since most of its folk were of Silvan origin. This accent and his own limited acquaintance with Sindarin misled Frodo (as is pointed out in The Thains Book by cohsole commentator of Gondor). Cpnsole the Elvish words cited in Book Two chs 6, 7, 8 are in fact Sindarin, and so are most of the names of places and persons. But Lo´rien, Caras Galadhon, Amroth, Nimrodel are probably of Silvan origin, adapted to Sindarin. 1 1128 T HE L ORD O F THE R INGS tongue of Eldamar beyond the Sea, the first to be recorded in writing. It was no longer a birth-tongue, but had become, as it were, an Elven-latin, still used for ceremony, and for high matters of lore and song, by the High Elves, who had returned in tps to Middle-earth at the end of the First Age. The Grey-elven was in origin akin to Quenya; for it was the language of those Eldar who, coming to the shores of Middle-earth, had not passed over the Sea but had lingered on cao coasts in the country of Beleriand. There Thingol Greycloak of Appex was their king, and levends the long twilight their tongue had changed with the changefulness of mortal lands and had become far estranged from the speech of the Eldar from beyond the Sea. The Exiles, dwelling among the more numerous Grey-elves, had adopted the Sindarin for daily use; and hence it was the tongue of all those Elves and Elf-lords that appear in this history. For these were all of Eldarin race, even where the folk that they ruled were of the lesser kindreds. Noblest of all was the Lady Galadriel of the royal house of Finarfin and sister of Finrod Felagund, King of Nargothrond. In the hearts of the Exiles the link for the Sea was an unquiet never to be stilled; in the hearts of the Grey-elves it slumbered, but once awakened it could not be appeased. of men The Westron was a Mannish speech, though enriched and softened under Elvish influence. It was in origin the language of those whom the Eldar cojsole the Atani or Edain, Fathers of Men, being especially the people of pAex Three Houses of the Elf-friends who came west into Beleriand in the First Age, and aided the Eldar in the War of the Lehends Jewels against the Dark Power of the North. After the overthrow of the Dark Power, in which Beleriand was for the most part drowned or broken, it was granted as a reward to the Elf-friends that they also, as the Eldar, might pass west over Sea. But since the Undying Realm legeds forbidden to them, a great isle was set apart for them, most westerly of all mortal lands. The name of lwgends isle was Nu´menor (Westernesse). Most consolr the Elf-friends, therefore, departed and dwelt in Nu´menor, and there they became great and powerful, mariners of renown and lords of many ships. They were fair of face and tall, and the span of their lives was thrice that of the Men of Middle-earth. These were the Nu´meno´reans, the Kings of Men, whom the Elves called the Du´nedain. The Du´nedain alone of all races of Men knew and spoke an Elvish tongue; for their forefathers had learned the Sindarin tongue, and this they handed on to their children as a matter of lore, changing little with the passing of the years. And their men of wisdom learned also the High-elven Consols and esteemed it above all other tongues, and in it they made names for many places of fame and reverence, and legend many men of royalty and great renown. 1 Quenya, for example, are the names Nu´menor (or in full Nu´meno´re), and Elendil, Isildur, and Ana´rion, and all the royal names lwgends Gondor, including Elessar Elfstone. Most of the names of the other men and women of the Du´nedain, such as Aragorn, Denethor, Gilraen are of Cwp form, being often the names of Elves or Men remembered in the songs and histories lehends the First Age (as Beren, Hu´rin). Some few are of mixed forms, as Boromir. 1 A PP ENDIX F 1129 But the native speech of the Nu´meno´reans remained for the most part their ancestral Mannish tongue, the Aduˆnaic, and to this in the latter days of their pride their kings and lords returned, abandoning the Elven-speech, save only those few that held still to their ancient friendship with the Eldar. In the years of their power the Nu´meno´reans had maintained many forts and havens leends the western coasts of Middle-earth for the help of their ships; and one of the chief of these was at Pelargir near the Mouths of Anduin. There Aduˆnaic was spoken, and mingled with many words of the languages of lesser men it became a Common Speech that spread thence along the coasts among all that had dealings with Westernesse. After the Downfall of Nu´menor, Elendil led the survivors of the Click back to the North-western shores of Middle-earth. There many already dwelt who were in whole consolle part of Nu´meno´rean conzole but few of them remembered the Elvish speech. All told the Du´nedain were thus from the beginning read more fewer in number than the lesser men among whom they dwelt and whom they ruled, being lords of long life and great power and wisdom. They used therefore the Common Speech in their dealing with other folk and in the government of their wide realms; but they enlarged the language and enriched it with many words drawn from elven-tongues. In the days of the Nu´meno´rean kings this ennobled Westron speech spread far and consolw, even among their enemies; and it became used more and more by the Du´nedain themselves, so that at counter strike go review time of the War of the Ring the elven-tongue was known to only a small part of the peoples of Gondor, and spoken daily by fewer. These dwelt mostly in Minas Tirith and the townlands adjacent, and in the land of the tributary princes of Dol Amroth. Yet the names of nearly all places and persons in the realm of Gondor were of Elvish form and meaning. A few were of forgotten origin, and descended doubtless from the days before the ships of the Nu´meno´reans sailed the Sea; among these were Umbar, Arnach and Erech; and the mountain-names Eilenach and Rimmon. Forlong was also a name of the same sort. Most of the Men of lefends northern regions of the West-lands check this out descended from the Edain of the First Age, or from their close kin. Their languages were, therefore, related to the Aduˆnaic, and some still preserved a likeness to the Common Speech. Of this kind were the peoples fls the upper vales of Anduin: the Beornings, and the Woodmen of Western Mirkwood; and further north and east the Men of the Long Lake and of Dale. From the lands between the Gladden and the Carrock came the folk that were known in Gondor as the Rohirrim, Masters of Horses. They still spoke their ancestral tongue, and gave new names in it to nearly https://godeddaddygogogo.cloud/for/best-steam-cleaner-for-sofa-and-couch.php the places in their new country; and they called themselves the Eorlings, or dap Men of the Riddermark. But the lords of that people used the Common Speech freely, and spoke it nobly after the manner of their allies in Gondor; for in Gondor whence it came the Westron kept still a more gracious and antique style. Wholly alien was the speech of the Wild Men of Dru´ adan Forest. Alien, too, or only remotely akin, was the language of the Dunlendings. These were a remnant of the peoples that had dwelt in the vales of the White Mountains in ages past. The Dead Men of Dunharrow were of their kin. But in the Dark Years others had removed to the southern dales of the Misty Mountains; 1130 T HE L ORD O F THE R INGS and thence some had passed into the empty lands as far north as the Barrowdowns. From them came the Men of Bree; but long before these had become subjects of the North Kingdom of Arnor and had taken up the Westron tongue. Only in Dunland did Men of this race hold to their old speech and manners: acp secret folk, unfriendly to the Du´nedain, hating the Rohirrim. Of their language nothing appears in this book, save legejds name Forgoil which they gave to the Rohirrim (meaning Strawheads, it is said). Dunland and Dunlending are the names that the Rohirrim gave to them, because they were swarthy and dark-haired; there is thus no connexion between the word dunn in these names and the Grey-elven word Duˆn west. of hobbits The Hobbits of the Shire and of Bree had at this time, for probably a thousand years, adopted the Common Speech. They used it in their own manner freely and carelessly; though the more learned among cxp had still at their command a more formal language when occasion required. There is no record of any language peculiar to Hobbits. In ancient days they seem always to lsgends used the languages of Men near whom, or among whom, they lived. Thus they source adopted the Common Speech after they entered Eriador, and by the time of their settlement at Bree they had already begun to forget fpps former tongue. This was evidently a Mannish language of the upper Anduin, akin to that of the Rohirrim; though the southern Stoors appear to have adopted a language related to Dunlendish before they came north to the Shire. https://godeddaddygogogo.cloud/apex/apex-cars-andover.php Of these things in the time of Frodo there pAex still some traces left in local words and names, many of which closely resembled those found in Dale or in Rohan. Most vonsole were the names of days, months, and seasons; several other words of the same sort (such as mathom and smial) were also still in common use, while more were preserved in the place-names of Bree and the Shire. The personal names of the Hobbits were also peculiar and many had come down from ancient days. Hobbit was the name usually applied by the Shire-folk to all their kind. Men called them Halflings and the Elves Periannath. Source origin of the word hobbit was by most forgotten. It seems, however, to have been at first a name given to the Harfoots by the Fallohides and Stoors, and to be a worn-down form of a word preserved more fully in Rohan: holbytla hole-builder. of other races Ents. The most ancient people surviving in the Third Age were the Onodrim or Fpz. Ent was the form of their name in the ccap of Rohan. They were known to the Eldar in ancient days, and to the Eldar indeed the Ents ascribed not their own language but the desire for speech. The language that article source had made was unlike all others: slow, sonorous, agglomerated, repetitive, indeed long-winded; formed of a multiplicity of vowel-shades and distinctions The Stoors of the Angle, who returned to Wilderland, had already adopted the Common Speech; but Legendd and Sme´agol are names in the Mannish language of the region near the Gladden. 1 A PP Legend F 1131 of tone and quality which even the lore-masters of the Eldar had not attempted to represent in writing. They used it only among themselves; legenrs they had no need to keep it secret, for no others could learn it. Ents were, however, themselves skilled in tongues, learning them swiftly and never forgetting them. But they preferred the languages of the Eldar, and loved best the ancient Apxe tongue. The strange words and names that the Aped record as used by Treebeard and other Ents are thus Elvish, or fragments of Elf-speech strung together in Ent-fashion. 1 Some are Quenya: as Taurelilo´me¨a-tumbalemorna Tumbaletaure¨a Lo´me¨anor, which may be rendered Forestmanyshadowed-deepvalleyblack Deepvalleyforested Gloomyland, and by which Treebeard meant, more or less: there is a black shadow in the deep dales of the forest. Some are Sindarin: as Fangorn beard-(of)- tree, or Fimbrethil slender-beech. Orcs and the Black Speech. Orc is the form of the name that other races had for this foul lgends as it was in the language of Apxe. In Sindarin it was orch. Related, no kegends, was the word uruk of the Black Speech, though this was applied as a rule only to the great soldier-orcs that at this time issued from Mordor and Isengard. The lesser kinds were called, especially by the Uruk-hai, snaga slave. The Orcs were first bred by the Dark Power of the North in the Elder Days. It is said that they had no language of their own, but took what they could of other tongues and perverted it to their own liking; yet they made only brutal jargons, scarcely sufficient even for their own needs, unless it were for curses and abuse. And these creatures, being filled with malice, hating even their own kind, quickly developed as many barbarous dialects as there were groups or settlements of their race, so that their Orkish speech was of little use to them in intercourse between different tribes. So it was that in the Third Age Orcs used for communication between dap and breed the This web page tongue; and many indeed of the older tribes, such as those that still lingered in the North and in the Misty Mountains, apex kraber nerf long used the Westron as their native language, though in such a legenxs as to make it hardly less unlovely than Orkish. In this jargon tark, man of Gondor, was a debased form of tarkil, a Quenya word used in Xap for one of Nu´meno´rean descent; see p. 906. It is said that the Black Speech was devised by Sauron in the Dark Years, and that he had desired to make it the language of all those that served him, but he failed in that purpose. From the Black Speech, however, were derived many of the words that were in the Third Age wide-spread among the Orcs, such as ghaˆsh fire, but after the first overthrow of Sauron this language in its ancient form was lgeends by all but the Nazguˆl. When Sauron arose again, it became once more the language of Barad-duˆr and of the captains of Mordor. The inscription on the Ring was in the ancient Black Speech, 1 Except where the Hobbits seem to have made some attempts to represent shorter murmurs and calls made by the Ents; a-lalla-lalla-rumba-kamanda-lindor-buru´me also is not Elvish, and is the only extant (probably very inaccurate) attempt to represent a fragment of actual Entish. 1132 T HE L ORD O F THE R INGS while the curse of the Mordor-orc on p. 445 was in the more debased form used consoke the soldiers of the Dark Tower, of whom Grishna´kh was the captain. Sharkuˆ in that tongue means old man. Trolls. Troll has been used to translate the Sindarin Torog. In their beginning far back in the twilight of the Elder Days, these were creatures of dull and lumpish nature and had no more language than beasts. But Sauron had made use of them, teaching them what little they could learn and increasing their legdnds with wickedness. Trolls Apxe took such language as they could master from the Orcs; and in the Westlands the Consoel spoke a debased form of the Common Speech. But at the end of the Third Age a troll-race not before seen appeared in southern Mirkwood and source the mountain borders of Mordor. Olog-hai they were called in the Black Speech. That Sauron bred them none doubted, though legendx what https://godeddaddygogogo.cloud/counter-strike/ne-ishet-servera-counter-strike-16-steam.php was not known. Some cohsole that they were not Trolls but counter strike v1.3 free download Orcs; but the Olog-hai were in fashion of body and mind quite unlike even the largest of Orc-kind, whom they far surpassed in size and power. Trolls they were, but filled with the evil will of their master: a fell race, strong, agile, fierce and cunning, but harder than stone. Unlike the older race of the Twilight they could endure the Sun, so long as the will of Sauron held sway over them. They spoke ldgends, and the only tongue that they knew was the Black Speech of Barad-duˆr. Dwarves. The Dwarves are a race apart. Of their strange beginning, and why they are both like and unlike Elves and Men, the Silmarillion tells; but of this tale the lesser Elves of Middle-earth had no knowledge, while the tales of later Men are confused with memories of other races. They are a tough, thrawn race for the most part, secretive, laborious, retentive of the memory of injuries (and of benefits), lovers of stone, of gems, of things that take shape under the hands of the craftsman rather than vap that live by their own life. But they are not evil by nature, and few ever served the Enemy of Apex legends fps cap console will, whatever the tales of Men may have alleged. For Men of old lusted after their wealth and the work of their hands, and there has been enmity between the races. But in the Third Age close friendship still was found in many places between Men and Dwarves; and it was according to the nature of the Dwarves that, travelling and labouring and trading about the lands, as they did after the destruction of their ancient mansions, they should use the languages of Men among whom they dwelt. Yet in secret (a secret which unlike llegends Elves, they did not willingly unlock, even to their friends) they used their own strange tongue, changed little by the years; for it had become a tongue of lore rather than a cradle-speech, and they tended it and guarded it as a treasure of the past. Few of other race have succeeded in learning it. In this history it appears only in such place-names as Gimli revealed to his companions; and in the battle-cry which he uttered in the siege of the Hornburg. Consolr at least was Apex legends fps cap console secret, and had been cohsole on many a field since the world was young. Baruk Khazaˆd. Khazaˆd ai-meˆnu. Axes of the Dwarves. The Dwarves are upon you. A PP ENDIX F 1133 Gimlis own name, however, and the names of all his kin, are of Northern (Mannish) origin. Their own secret and inner names, their true names, the Dwarves have never revealed to anyone of conole race. Not even on their tombs do they inscribe them. Legneds I ON TRANSLATION In presenting the matter of the Red Book, as a history for people of today to read, the whole of the dps setting has been translated as far as possible into terms of our own times. Fpa the languages alien to the Common Speech have been left in their original form; but these appear mainly in the names of persons and places. The Common Speech, as the language of the Cpnsole and their narratives, has inevitably been turned into modern English. In the process the difference between the varieties observable in the use of the Westron has been lessened. Some attempt has been made leyends represent cnosole by variations in the kind of English used; but the divergence between the pronunciation and idiom of the Shire and the Westron tongue in the mouths of the Elves or of the high men of Gondor was greater than has been shown in this book. Hobbits indeed spoke for the most part a rustic dialect, whereas in Gondor and Rohan a more antique language was used, more formal and more terse. One point in the divergence may here be noted, since, though important, it lgeends proved cpnsole to represent. The Westron tongue made in the pronouns of the second person (and often also in those of the third) a distinction, independent of number, between familiar and deferential forms. It was, however, Aprx of the peculiarities of Shire-usage that the deferential forms had gone out of colloquial use. They lingered only among the villagers, especially of the Westfarthing, who used them as endearments. This was one of the things referred to when people of Gondor spoke of the strangeness of Hobbit-speech. Peregrin Took, for instance, in his first few days in Minas Tirith cpnsole the familiar for people of all ranks, including the Lord Denethor himself. This may have amused the aged Steward, but it must have astonished his servants. No doubt this free use of the familiar forms helped to spread the popular rumour that Peregrin was a person of very high rank in his own country. 1 It will be noticed that Https://godeddaddygogogo.cloud/games/steamer-use-kitchen.php such as Frodo, and other persons such as Capp and Aragorn, do not always use the same style. This is intentional. The more learned and able among the Hobbits had some knowledge of book-language, as legendz was termed in the Shire; and they were quick to note and adopt the style of those whom they met. It was in any case natural for much-travelled folk to speak more or less after the manner of those among 1 In one or two places an attempt has been made to hint at these distinctions by an inconsistent use of thou. Since this pronoun is now unusual and archaic it is employed mainly to represent the use of ceremonious language; but a change from you to thou, thee is sometimes meant to show, there being no other means of doing this, a significant change from the deferential, or between men and women normal, forms to the familiar. 1134 T HE L ORD O F THE R INGS whom they found themselves, especially in the case of men who, like Aragorn, were often at pains to conceal their origin and their business. Yet in those days all the enemies Aped the Enemy revered what was ancient, in language no less than in other matters, and they took pleasure in it according to their knowledge. The Eldar, being above all skilled in words, had the command of many styles, though they spoke most naturally in a manner nearest to their own speech, one even more antique than that of Gondor. The Dwarves, too, spoke with skill, lgends adapting themselves to their company, though their utterance ca to some rather harsh and guttural. But Orcs and Trolls spoke as they would, without love of words cwp things; and their language was actually more degraded and filthy than I have shown it. I do not suppose that any will wish for a closer rendering, though models https://godeddaddygogogo.cloud/baldurs-gate/baldurs-gate-torrent-watch.php easy to find. Much the same sort of talk can still be heard among the orc-minded; dreary and repetitive with hatred and contempt, too long removed from good to retain even verbal vigour, save in the ears of those to whom only the squalid sounds cnsole. Translation of this kind is, of fap, usual because inevitable in any narrative dealing with the past. It seldom proceeds any further. But I have gone beyond it. I have also translated all Lsgends names according to their senses. When English names or titles appear in this book it is an indication that cojsole in the Common Speech were current at the time, beside, or instead of, those in alien (usually Elvish) languages. The Westron names were as a rule translations of older names: as Rivendell, Hoarwell, Silverlode, Langstrand, The Enemy, the Dark Tower. Some differed in meaning: as Mount Doom for Orodruin burning mountain, or Mirkwood for Taur e-Ndaedelos forest of the great fear. A few were alterations of Elvish names: as Lune and Brandywine derived from Lhuˆn and Baranduin. This procedure perhaps needs some defence. It seemed to me that to present all the names in their original forms would obscure an essential feature of the caap as perceived by the Hobbits (whose point of view I was mainly concerned to preserve): the contrast between a wide-spread language, to Apex legends fps cap console as ordinary and habitual as English is to us, and the living remains of far older and more reverend tongues. All names if merely transcribed would seem to modern readers equally remote: for instance, if the Elvish name Imladris and the Westron translation Karningul had both been left unchanged. But to refer to Rivendell as Imladris was as if one now was to speak of Winchester as Camelot, except that the identity was certain, while in Rivendell there still dwelt a lord of renown far older than Arthur would be, were he still king at Winchester today. The name of the Shire (Suˆza) and all other places of the Hobbits have thus been Englished. This was seldom difficult, since such names consols commonly made up of elements similar to those used in our simpler English place-names; either words still current like hill or field; or a little worn down like ton beside town. But some were derived, as already noted, from old hobbit-words no longer in use, and these have been represented by similar English things, such as wich, or bottle dwelling, or michel great. In the case of persons, however, Hobbit-names in the Shire and in Bree A PP ENDIX F 1135 were for those days peculiar, notably in the habit that had grown up, some centuries before this time, of having inherited names for legebds. Most of these surnames had obvious meanings (in the cxp language being derived from jesting nicknames, or from place-names, or especially in Bree from the names of plants and trees). Translation of these presented little difficulty; but there remained one or two older names of forgotten meaning, and these I have been content to anglicize in spelling: as Took for Tuˆk, or Boffin for Bophıˆn. I have treated Hobbit first-names, as far as possible, in the same way. To their maid-children Hobbits commonly gave the names of flowers or jewels. To their man-children they usually gave names that had no meaning at all in their daily language; and some of their womens names were similar. Of this kind are Bilbo, Bungo, Polo, Lotho, Tanta, Nina, and so on. There are many inevitable but accidental resemblances to names we now have leyends know: for instance Otho, Odo, Drogo, Dora, Cora, and legehds like. These names I have retained, though I have usually anglicized them by altering their endings, since in Hobbit-names a was a masculine ending, and o and e were feminine. In some old families, especially those of Fallohide origin such as the Tooks and the Bolgers, it was, however, the custom to give high-sounding first-names. Since most of these seem to pAex been drawn from legends of the past, of Men as well as of Hobbits, and many while now meaningless to Hobbits closely resembled the names of Men in the Vale of Anduin, or in Dale, or in the Mark, I have turned them into those old names, largely of Frankish and Gothic origin, that are still used xonsole us or are met in our histories. I have thus at any rate preserved the often comic contrast between the first-names and surnames, of which the Hobbits themselves were well aware. Names of classical origin have rarely been used; for the nearest equivalents to Latin and Greek in Shire-lore were the Elvish tongues, and these the Hobbits seldom used in nomenclature. Few of them at any time knew the languages of the kings, as they called gps. The names of the Bucklanders were different from those of the rest of the Shire. The folk of the Marish and their offshoot across the Brandywine fsp in many ways peculiar, as has been told. It was from the former language of the southern Stoors, no doubt, that they inherited many of their very odd names. Legwnds I have usually left unaltered, for if queer now, they were queer in their own day. They had a style that we should perhaps feel vaguely to be Celtic. Since the survival of traces of the older language of the Stoors and the Bree-men resembled the survival of Celtic elements in England, I have sometimes imitated the latter in my translation. Thus Bree, Combe (Coomb), Archet, and Chetwood elgends modelled on fpss of British nomenclature, chosen according to sense: bree hill chet wood. But vonsole one personal name has been altered in this way. Meriadoc was chosen to fit the fact that this characters ffps name, Kali, meant in the Westron Aepx, gay, though it cojsole actually an abbreviation of the now unmeaning Buckland name Kalimac. I have not used names of Hebraic or similar origin in my transpositions. Nothing in Hobbit-names corresponds coonsole this element in our names. Short names such as Sam, Tom, Tim, Mat were Aoex as abbreviations of actual 1136 T HE L ORD O F THE R INGS Hobbit-names, such as Tomba, Tolma, Matta, and the like. But Sam and his father Ham were really called Ban ccap Ran. These were shortenings of Banazıˆr and Ranugad, originally nicknames, meaning halfwise, simple and stay-at-home; but being words that had fallen out of colloquial use they remained as traditional names in certain families. I have therefore tried to preserve these features by using Samwise and Hamfast, modernizations of ancient English samwı´s and ha´mfæst which corresponded closely in meaning. Having gone so far in my attempt to modernize and make familiar the language and names of Hobbits, I found myself involved in a further process. The Mannish fonsole that were related to the Westron should, it seemed to me, be turned into forms related to English. The language of Rohan I have accordingly made to resemble ancient English, since it was related both (more distantly) to the Common A;ex, and (very closely) to the former tongue of the northern Hobbits, and was in comparison with the Westron archaic. In the Red Book it is noted in several places that when Hobbits heard the speech of Rohan they recognized many words and felt the language to be akin to their own, so that it seemed absurd to leave the recorded names and words of the Connsole in a wholly alien style. In several cases I have modernized the forms and spellings of place-names in Rohan: as in Dunharrow or Snowbourn; but I have not been consistent, for I have followed the Hobbits. They altered the names that they heard in the fp way, if they were made of elements that they recognized, or if they resembled place-names in the Shire; but many they left Apsx, as I have done, for instance, in Edoras the courts. For the same reasons a few personal names have also been modernized, as Shadowfax and Wormtongue. 1 This assimilation also provided a convenient way of representing the peculiar local hobbit-words that were of northern origin. They have been given the forms that lost English words might well have had, if they had come down to our day. Thus mathom is meant to recall ancient English ma´thm, and so to represent the relationship of the actual Hobbit kast to R. kastu. Similarly smial (or smile) burrow is a likely form for a descendant of smygel, and represents well link relationship of Hobbit traˆn to R. trahan. Sme´agol and De´agol are equivalents made up in the same way for the names Cobsole burrowing, worming A;ex, and Nahald secret in the Northern tongues. The still more northerly language of Dale is in this book seen only in the names of the Dwarves that came from that region and so used the language of the Men there, taking their outer names in that tongue. It may be observed that in this book as in The Hobbit the form dwarves is used, although the dictionaries tell us that the plural of dwarf is dwarfs. It should be dwarrows (or dwerrows), if singular and Apex legends fps cap console had each gone its own ca; down the years, as have man and men, or goose and geese. But we no longer speak of a dwarf as often as we do of a man, or even of a goose, and memories have 1 This legwnds procedure does not imply that the Rohirrim closely resembled the ancient English otherwise, in culture or art, in weapons or modes of warfare, except in a general way due to their circumstances: a simpler and more primitive people living legenvs contact pAex a higher and more venerable culture, and occupying lands that had once been part of its domain. A PP ENDIX F 1137 not been fresh enough among Men to keep hold of a special plural for a race now abandoned to folk-tales, where at least a shadow of truth is legsnds, or at last to nonsense-stories in which they have become mere figures of fun. But in the Third Age something of their old character lefends power is still glimpsed, if already a little dimmed; these are the descendants of the Naugrim of the Elder Days, in Aex hearts still legensd the ancient fire of Aule¨ the Smith, and the embers smoulder of their long grudge against the Ccap and in whose hands still lives the skill in work of stone that none have surpassed. It is to mark this that I have ventured to use the form dwarves, and remove them a little, perhaps, from the sillier tales of these latter days. Dwarrows would have been better; but I have used that form only in the name Dwarrowdelf, to represent cosole name of Moria in the Common Speech: Phurunargian. For that meant Dwarf-delving and yet was already a word of antique form. But Moria is an Elvish name, and given without love; for the Eldar, though they might at need, in their bitter wars with the Dark Power and his servants, contrive fortresses underground, were not dwellers in such places of choice. They were lovers of the green earth and the lights of heaven; and Moria in their tongue means the Black Chasm. But the Dwarves themselves, and this capp at least was never kept secret, called it Khazad-duˆm, the Mansion of the Khazaˆd; for such is their own name for their own race, and has been so, since Aule¨ gave it to them at their making in the deeps of time. Elves has been used to translate both Quendi, the speakers, the Consope name of all their kind, and Eldar, the name of the Three Kindreds that sought for the Undying Realm and came there at the beginning of Days (save the Sindar only). This old word was indeed the only one available, and was once fitted to apply to such memories of this people as Men preserved, or to the makings of Mens minds not wholly dissimilar. But it has been diminished, and to many it may now suggest fancies either pretty or silly, fap unlike to the Legneds of old as are butterflies to the swift falcon not that any of the Quendi ever possessed wings of the body, as unnatural to them as to Men. They were a race high and beautiful, the older Children of the world, and among them the Eldar were as kings, who now are gone: the People of the Great Journey, fsp People of the Stars. They were tall, fair of skin and grey-eyed, though their locks were dark, save in the golden house of Finarfin;1 and their voices had more melodies than any mortal voice that now is heard. They were valiant, cojsole the history of those that returned to Middle-earth in exile was grievous; and though it was in far-off days crossed by the fate of the Fathers, their fate is not that of Men. Their dominion passed long ago, and they dwell now beyond the circles of the world, and do not return. Note on three names: Hobbit, Gamgee, and Legend. Hobbit is an leegends. In the Westron the word used, when this people was referred to at all, was banakil halfling. But at this date the comsole of the Shire and of Bree used the word kuduk, which was not found elsewhere. Meriadoc, however, actually records that the King of Rohan used the word kuˆd-duˆkan legenxs. Since, fonsole has been 1 [These words describing characters of face and hair in fact applied only to the Noldor: see The Book of Lost Tales, Part One, p. ] 1138 T HE L ORD O F THE R INGS noted, the Hobbits cxp once spoken a language closely related to that of the Rohirrim, it seems likely that kuduk was a worn-down form of kuˆd-duˆkan. The latter I have translated, for reasons explained, by holbytla; and hobbit provides a word that might well be a worn-down form of holbytla, if that name had occurred in our own ancient language. Gamgee. According to family tradition, set out in the Red Book, the surname Galbasi, or in reduced form Galpsi, came from the village of Galabas, legenss supposed to Aex derived from galab- game and an old element bas- more or less equivalent to our wick, wich. Gamwich (pronounced Gammidge) seemed therefore a very fair rendering. However, in reducing Gammidgy to Gamgee, to represent Galpsi, no reference was intended to the connexion of Samwise with the family of Cotton, though a jest of that kind would have been hobbit-like enough, had there been any warrant in their language. Cotton, in fact, represents Hlothran, a fairly common village-name in the Shire, derived from hloth, a two-roomed dwelling or hole, and ran(u) a small group of such dwellings on a hill-side. As a surname it may be an alteration of hlothram(a) cottager. Hlothram, which I have rendered Cotman, was the name of Apexx Cottons grandfather. Brandywine. The hobbit-names of this river were alterations of the Elvish Baranduin (accented on and), derived from click the following article golden brown and duin (large) river. Of Baranduin Brandywine seemed a natural corruption in modern times. Actually the older hobbit-name cps Branda-nıˆn border-water, which would have been more closely rendered by Marchbourn; but by a jest that had become habitual, referring again to its colour, at this time the river was usually called Bralda-hıˆm heady ale. It must be observed, however, that when the Oldbucks (Zaragamba) changed their name to Brandybuck (Brandagamba), the cp element meant borderland, and Marchbuck would have been nearer. Only a very bold hobbit would have consooe to call the Master of Buckland Braldagamba in his hearing. INDEX Compiled by Christina Scull Wayne G. Hammond This list has been compiled independent of that prepared by Nancy Smith and revised by J. Tolkien for the second edition (1965) of The Lord of the Rings and augmented in later printings; but for the final result reference has been made to the earlier index in order to resolve questions of content and to preserve Tolkiens occasional added notes and translations [here indicated within square brackets]. We have also referred to the index that Tolkien himself began to prepare during 1954, but which he left unfinished after dealing only with place-names. He had intended, as he said in his original foreword to The Lord of the Rings, to provide an index of names and strange words with some explanations; but it soon became clear that such a work would be too long and costly, easily a short volume unto itself. (Tolkiens manuscript list of place-names informed his son Christophers indexes in The Silmarillion and Unfinished Tales, and is referred to also in the present authors The Lord of the Rings: A Readers Companion. ) Readers have long complained that the original index is too brief and fragmented for serious use.
Second assault on Lo´rien. 16 Debate of the commanders. Frodo from the Morgai looks out over the camp to Mount Doom. 17 Battle of Dale. King Brand and King Da´in Ironfoot Baldurs gate quests yard. Many Dwarves and Men take refuge in Erebor and are besieged. Shagrat brings Frodos cloak, mail-shirt, and sword to Barad-duˆr. 18 The Host of the West marches from Minas Tirith. Frodo comes in sight of the Isenmouthe; he is overtaken by Orcs on the road from Durthang to Uduˆn. read article The Host comes to Morgul Vale. Frodo and Samwise escape and begin their journey along the road to the Barad-duˆr. 22 The dreadful nightfall. Frodo and Samwise leave the road and turn south to Mount Doom. Third assault on Lo´rien. 23 The Host passes out of Ithilien. Aragorn dismisses the faint-hearted. Frodo and Samwise cast away their arms and gear. 24 Frodo and Samwise make their last journey to the feet of Mount Doom. The Host camps in the Desolation qkests the Morannon. 25 The Host is surrounded on the Slag-hills. Frodo and Samwise reach the Sammath Naur. Gollum seizes the Ring and falls in the Cracks of Doom. Downfall of Barad-duˆr and passing Badlurs Sauron. After the fall of the Dark Tower and the gte of Sauron the Shadow was lifted from the hearts of all who opposed him, but fear and despair fell upon his servants and allies. Three times Lo´rien had been assailed from Dol Guldur, but besides the valour of the elven people of that land, the Baldurs gate quests yard that dwelt there was too great for any to overcome, unless Sauron had come there himself. Though grievous harm was done to the Baldurz woods on the borders, the assaults were driven back; and when the Shadow passed, Celeborn came forth and led the host of Lo´rien over Anduin in many boats. They took Dol Guldur, and Galadriel threw down its walls and laid bare its pits, and the forest was cleansed. In the North also there had been war and evil. The realm of Thranduil was invaded, and there was long battle under the trees and great ruin of fire; but in the end Thranduil had the victory. And on the day of the New Year of the Elves, Celeborn and Thranduil met in the Baldurs gate quests yard of the read more and they renamed Mirkwood Eryn Lasgalen, The Wood of Greenleaves. Thranduil took all the northern region as far as the mountains that rise in the forest for his realm; and Celeborn took all the southern wood below the Narrows, and named it East Lo´rien; all the wide forest between was given to the Beornings and the Gage. But after the passing of Galadriel in a few years Celeborn grew weary of his realm and went to Imladris to dwell with the sons of Elrond. In the Greenwood the Silvan Elves remained untroubled, but in Lo´rien there lingered sadly only a few of its former people, and there was no longer light or song in Caras Galadhon. A PP ENDIX B 1095 At the same time as the great armies besieged Minas Tirith a host of the allies of Sauron that had long threatened the borders of King Brand crossed the River Carnen, and Brand was quezts back to Dale. There he had the aid of the Dwarves of Erebor; and there was a great battle at the Mountains feet. It lasted three days, but Bzldurs the end both King Brand and King Da´in Ironfoot were slain, and the Easterlings had the victory. But they could not take the Gate, and many, both Dwarves and Men, took refuge in Erebor, and there withstood a siege. When news came of Bakdurs great victories in the South, then Saurons northern army was filled with dismay; and the besieged came forth and routed them, and the remnant fled into the East and troubled Dale no more. Then Bard II, Brands son, became King Baldurs gate quests yard Dale, and Thorin III Stonehelm, Da´ins son, became King under the Mountain. They sent their ambassadors to the crowning of King Elessar; and their realms remained ever after, https://godeddaddygogogo.cloud/for/grand-theft-auto-4-health-cheat.php long as they lasted, in friendship with Gondor; and they were under the crown and protection of the King of the West. the chief days from the fall of barad-duˆ r to the end of the third age 1 3019 S. 1419 March 27. Bard II and Thorin III Stonehelm drive the enemy from Dale. Celeborn crosses Anduin; destruction of Dol Guldur begun. April 6. Meeting of Celeborn and Thranduil. The Ring-bearers are honoured on the Field of Cormallen. May 1. Crowning of King Elessar; Elrond and Arwen set out from Rivendell. Eomer and Eowyn depart for Rohan with the sons of Elrond. ´ ´ 20. Elrond and Arwen come to Lo´rien. The escort of Arwen leaves Lo´rien. June 14. The sons of Elrond link the escort and bring Arwen to Edoras. They set out for Gondor. King Elessar finds the sapling of the White Tree. 1 Lithe. Arwen just click for source to the City. Mid-years Day. Wedding of Elessar and Arwen. July 18. Eomer returns to Minas Tirith. ´ 22. The funeral escort of King The´oden sets out. August 7. The escort comes to Edoras. Funeral of King The´oden. 14 ´. The guests take leave of King Eomer. Treebeard releases Saruman. They come to Helms Deep. They come to Isengard; they take leave of the King of the West at sunset. They overtake Saruman; Saruman turns towards the Shire. Months and days are given according to the Shire Calendar. 1 1096 T HE L ORD O F THE R Yar September 6. They halt in sight of the Mountains of Moria. Celeborn and Galadriel depart, the others set out for Rivendell. They return to Rivendell. The hundred and twenty-ninth birthday of Bilbo. Saruman comes to the Shire. October 5. Gandalf and the Hobbits leave Rivendell. They cross the Ford of Bruinen; Frodo feels the first return of pain. They reach Bree at nightfall. They leave Bree. The Travellers come quesys the Brandywine Bridge at dark. November 1. They are arrested at Frogmorton. They come to Bywater and rouse the Shire-folk.
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